explain here `def square(number): return 1 << (number - 1) def total(): return (1 << 64) - 1` each line in python

Here is an explanation of each line of code:

1. def square(number):: This line defines a function called square that takes a parameter number. It is meant to calculate the square of a number using a bitwise left shift operation.

2. return 1 << (number - 1): This line uses the bitwise left shift operator << to shift the binary representation of the number 1 by number - 1 positions to the left. This effectively calculates 2 raised to the power of number - 1, resulting in the square of the number. The value is then returned as the result of the square function.

3. def total():: This line defines a function called total without any parameters. It is meant to calculate the total of a sequence of squares using a formula.

4. return (1 << 64) - 1: This line uses the bitwise left shift operator << to shift the binary representation of the number 1 by 64 positions to the left. This effectively calculates 2 raised to the power of 64. The result is then subtracted by 1 to get the total sum of all the squares from 1 to 64. The value is then returned as the result of the total function.

The << operator is a bitwise left shift operator that moves the bits of a number to the left, effectively multiplying it by 2 for each shift.